Kennesaw, Georgia
___________
Louella Josephine Taylor, in THE LAST CHRISTIAN IN ALABAMA, draft manuscript:
They won't tell you this at Sewanee like they told us, but our Bishop-General died the only way a man should die- fighting his enemies.
His enemies and our enemies are the same; so, of course, he died for us. He was the only Chancellor and President of the Board of Trustees of The University of the South who was killed while fighting for the same freedoms that inspired his founding Sewanee for us.
With passionate intensity he kept himself connected to our lives up at Sewanee. When his memory visited, we found ourselves asking, "What splendid arousal of natural instinct do I now feel in my heart, what arising of courage to meet the perils of this new era? What bright light is this that shows us the path and helps us make the turn? What rising voice of conscience is this that tells us of the darkening future?'
Those were the questions leading to the mandate of our new redemption- our unvanquished and distinctive identity. Who we were at Sewanee proved that his death was not in vain.
Memory, as simple a thing as it is, is a vital prayer, a ritual of righteousness. His dignified memory was our Higher Law of the best kind truth, fairness, justice, ethics, and morality, and of our local honor and particular secrets, because he died for Christ's special love for us in that one place. His work emphasized that one special community. Standing strong with him was our strong stand for our heroic ancestors who loved our liberty and freedom more than they loved life itself. An invocation such as that will last forever.
Plenty of news comes our way about what's going on in Sewanee these days. New Orleans has a magnetic pull upon the Sewanee aura. We can see it and read it like blue-eyed Swedes can see and read their borealis. Even though some up there don't want us to know, they can't stop us from knowing, and we make the right judgments about the news.
There are no valid sustainability initiatives which begin without him, because anything that doesn't honor him at Sewanee puts unique culture in peril and isn't worth sustaining. Intolerance of his grandeur should be unwelcome up there, just like we won't allow it down here.
At Sewanee, we thrived on gratitude, and we scorned all else, as we should have.
He did as he ought to have done, and so must we do so now, especially you two. Gratitude is our first obligation, and failure to meet that responsibility divides all others away from true Domainians.
When did you two young gentlemen say you were due back up the Mountain? I have something I want you to take back to Sewanee with you when you go.
___________
Pine Mountain Salient
"Our Southern Golgotha"
_____
Bishop-General Leonidas Polk atop Pine Mountain, June 14,1864;
by Wilbur G. Kurtz, 1966, courtesy of the Secrist Museum.
_____
|
|
___________
"Rebel General Polk Killed."
-Headline in the St. Louis Republican as reprinted in the Cincinnati
Daily Enquirer,
Thursday morning, June 23, 1864
_____
"Thus, died on of the grandest, noblest, and bravest Generals of the war.
He was respected, loved and mourned by the whole army and country."
-T.J. Walker (ca. 1844-1920), REMINISCENCES OF THE CIVIL
WAR, undated
_____
Georgia Historical Commission marker 033-20 on Burnt Hickory Road, Kennesaw,
Georgia:
|
GEN.
LEONIDAS POLK'S HEADQUARTERS
G.W. Hardage house; June 10-14, 1864. After withdrawing his corps from Lost Mtn. June 9, Polk's H'dq'rs. were at the John Kirk house 1 mi. W. on this rd. June 10, h'dq'rs. were moved to Hardage house. Sun. June 12, The Bishop-General read the church service (Episcopal) for his staff, escort, and the Hardage family. June 14, Polk rode with Johnston, Hardee & others to Pine Mtn. to inspect Bate's line at that advanced outpost. While there, Polk was killed by a Federal shell. |
____
"One
of their Corps commanders (Bishop Polk) had been instantly
killed by a shell on the summit of Pine Mountain, and
the insurgent armies had suffered fearful losses in that
terrible struggle."
-Benson J. Lossing, L.L.D., A HISTORY OF THE CIVIL
WAR 1861-1865 AND THE CAUSES THAT LED UP TO THAT GREAT CONFLICT, 1895,
1905, 1912
___________
|
---
___________
Georgia Historical Commission marker 033-24 on Beaumont Drive, Pine Mountain, Kennesaw, Georgia (top), and Georgia Historical Commission marker 033-23 on Stilesboro Road, Kennesaw, Georgia (bottom); marker locations should be swapped- Stilesboro Road marker should be on Pine Mountain at the entrance to Polk Monument:
|
____   
|
___________
Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park Museum
We
were living in trees when they met us. They
showed us each in turn We
moved as the Spirit listed. They never
altered their pace, With
the Hopes that our World is built on they
were utterly out of touch, When
the Cambrian measures were forming, They
promised perpetual peace. On
the first Feminian Sandstones we were promised
the Fuller Life In
the Carboniferous Epoch we were promised
abundance for all, Then
the Gods of the Market tumbled, and their
smooth-tongued wizards withdrew As
it will be in the future, it was at the birth
of Man And
that after this is accomplished, and the
brave new world begins
|
.gif)
_____
"We have lost so much! I would
rather anything than this!"
-General Joseph E. Johnston, C.S.A., The Army of Tennessee, in W.M. Polk's LEONIDAS POLK: Bishop and General, Vol. II, 1893
_____
Headquarters, Army of Tennessee, In the Field, June 14, 1864, General Field
Orders No. 2
Comrades! You are called to mourn your first captain, your oldest companion
in arms. Lieutenant-General Polk fell today at the outpost of this army
-the army he raised and commanded -in all of whose trials he shared -to all
of whose victories he contributed. In this distinguished leader we have
lost the most courteous of Gentlemen, the most gallant of soldiers. The
Christian, Patriot, Soldier has neither lived nor died in vain. His example
is before you -his mantle rests with you.
-signed J.E. Johnston, General;
courtesy of Archives of THE UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH
_____
"I am too sad to come over this evening. Ti's hard that one so noble,
generous, and brave as our friend Genl' Polk should be taken from us."
-Lieutenant-General John Bell Hood to General Johnston, June
14, 1864;
courtesy of Archives of THE UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH
_____
The
Daily Dispatch, Richmond Dispatch, June 15, 1864:
Death of Lieut Gen. Polk.
The telegraphic dispatch which announces the resumption of active hostilities
in Northern Georgia brings also the melancholy tidings of the death of Lieut.
Gen. Leonidas Polk. He was struck by a cannon ball and instantly killed. Gen.
Polk was a native of Ashe county, North Carolina, and was educated to the military
profession, having graduated at West Point. Subsequently, however, he adopted
the peaceful calling of the ministry, rose to distinction in the Protestant
Episcopal Church, and became Bishop of the Diocese of Louisiana. At the breaking
out of the war he relinquished his prelacy, under the solemn conviction that
he could be of more service to his country in the field, and has since become
distinguished for his ability as an officer and his valor in the presence of
the foe. When the rank of Lieutenant General was created by Congress, the title
was conferred upon him as one of those who had earned it by gallantry at the
head of his command. He narrowly escaped death by the bursting of a gun at
the battle of Belmont, but was only spared to lay down his life in the service
of his country at a later period of the war. His memory will be cherished as
one of the most devoted patriots whom a sense of duty has led to embark in
this noble struggle for Southern independence.
---
The battle Commenced in North Georgia- Gen.
Polk killed.
Atlanta,
June 14.
The
enemy opened slowly with artillery on our position yesterday
afternoon, and, after the storm passed, continued up
to nightfall. They opened again early this morning, and
the artillery firing continued when the train left Marietta.
Both armies are gradually moving towards our right. As
the rains have closed, it is supposed that active operations
will again commence. Trains from the front to-day bring
very few wounded.
The following dispatch from Major West, of Gen. Polk's staff, was received
by Col. Thrasher at noon to-day:
"Lieut.
Gen. Polk was struck by a cannon shot to-day about
eleven o'clock and instantly killed. Gens. Johnston,
Hardee and Jackson were with him when he fell."
___________
|
The
Columbus Times, Wednesday Morning,
June 15, 1864: |
___________
|
Special to Chronicle and Sentinel (corrected excerpt): A HERO FALLEN! The gallant Gen. Polk Killed. His remains at Marietta. Atlanta, June 14. Lt. Gen. Polk was killed by a shell today above Marietta. He was standing in a group with Gens. Johnston, Hardee, and others, observing the enemy from a position occupied by the Washington Artillery. A fire was opened on the party from a Yankee battery, the second shot taking effect directly in the chest of Gen. Polk. He died instantly, and was carried from the field to Marietta, where the remains await a coffin. -The Confederate Union, Milledgeville, Georgia, Tuesday June 21, 1864 |
____________
The Daily Dispatch, Richmond Dispatch, June 21, 1864:
The fall of Lieut. Gen. Polk.
The Atlanta Confederacy has an interesting account of the fall of Lieut. Gen. (Bishop) Polk. It appears that Gen. Polk, with Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, Lieut. Gen. Hardee and Gen. Jackson, of the cavalry, accompanied by their respective staffs, had ridden out on the morning of the 14th inst to Pine Mountain to survey the positions. They reached that elevation, which is in the neighborhood of Gen. Bate's line, some five or six miles in front of Marietta, about 11 o'clock, A. M.
The Confederacy says:
‘The party were dismounted, and all their horses were left below the crown of the knoll. Some one had suggested that so large a group of officers at so exposed a point might attract the fire of the enemy. The suggestion had scarcely been offered before a shell from one of the enemy's batteries, recently planted, about nine hundred yards distant, passed very near them. The group then began to disperse in different directions. General Johnston and Lieut. Gen. Polk moved off a few paces together and separated — the former selecting a path lower down the hill, and Gen. Polk proceeding along the cone of the knoll. Gen. Johnston had scarcely parted from Gen. Polk before a second shell from the same battery struck the latter in the chest, and he fell without a groan.
’Col. Gale, of his staff, who observed his fall, ran immediately back to the spot, but before he had reached it the great soul of his loved General had sped beyond the clouds. There was a slight tremor of the lower jaw, but the eyes were fixed and the pulses ceased. A three inch rifle ball or shell had taken effect in the left arm, above the elbow, crushing it and passing through the body, and also through the right arm, just below the shoulder joint, leaving it in the same mutilated condition as the left, portions of the integuments serving to secure the arms still to the frame. The opening through the chest was indeed a frightful one, and in all probability, from the direction of the missile, involved the heart and lungs in its course. The position of the General, on the slope of Pine Mountain, at the moment of the sad occurrence, accounts for the upward tendency of the shot, as indicated in the course traced on his person.
The enemy's battery by this time began to fire with great rapidity, and the body was borne back on a litter, under a heavy fire. It was carried to the Relief Committee Ward of Dr. J. N. Simmons, in Marietta. Here, upon examination of the pockets of his coat, were found, in that of the left side, his Book of Common Prayer for the service of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and in the right pocket, four copies of the Rev. Dr. Quintard's little work entitled. "Balm for the Weary and the Wounded." Upon the fly leaves of each of these little volumes, indicating for whom they were intended, was inscribed the names respectively of Gen. Jos. E. Johnston, Lieut. Gen. Hardee, and Lieut. Gen. Hood, "with the compliments of Lieut. Gen. Leonidas Polk, June 12th, 1864." Within the fourth volume was inscribed his own name. All were saturated with the blood which flowed from the wound.
The
remains, in charge of his staff, reached this city last
night, and were received by a committee of citizens appointed
by the Mayor, and deposited in St. Luke's Church, on
Walton street.
_____
The Daily Dispatch, Richmond Dispatch, July 1, 1864:
Letter
from Sherman's army — the Usual Situation Lies — how
Gen Polk's death was discovered
The New York Herald contains a long letter from Sherman's army,
dated June 16th, in which all his repulses are ingeniously covered up under
the name of "reconnaissances." The easy satisfied tone of the
writer will hardly deceive the Yankees now, as they have doubtless heard
of the bloody repulse of the 22d. We copy some portions of the account:
Operations
of the 15th- M'Pherson.
The morning of the 15th dawned amid an irregular fire of artillery along the
line, and met with a corresponding fire from the batteries of the enemy. As
the day advanced the fire became more heavy, and musketry was used by the pickets
of the two armies. Our lines at noon commenced moving into new and more advanced
positions. McPherson, who had the left this morning, instead of the right,
as upon the crossing of the Etowah, continued on the left, though making some
changes in the position of his corps.
When the movement of the army began the 17th corps, (Blair's) from its place
on the right of McPherson's line, moved forward obliqucing towards the left
and the railroad. This corps soon became engaged with the enemy. As a support
to the 17th, Harrow's division of the 15th was detached and placed upon the
extreme left, while Osterhaus's, of the same corps, followed as a reserve.
The other corps of McPherson's army swung around, falling in on the right of
the 17th, and participating in the skirmishing which was going on continually.
Before the movement commenced McPherson's command ranged from the right to
the left- 17th, 16th, and 15th corps. Afterwards this order was reversed, placing
the 15th on the right.
In this arrangement the troops advanced, the three corps engaging the enemy in front, White Harrow, with his division, wheeled to the right almost in a complete circle, and soon found himself in the rear of an outlying detachment of the enemy, consisting of two regiments, acting as a support to his picket line. Harrow immediately opened a light fire upon the troops he had cut off, and soon obliged them to surrender. They were the 31st and 40th Alabama infantry. The other corps of McPherson's army, while this was going on, upon the left, succeeded in forcing the enemy back, taking a small number of prisoners. Harrow, having advanced further than was intended, fell back with his prisoners and gave our line the intended direction. What position McPherson took after the success of his afternoon's work, I am not at liberty to state; let it be sufficient at present to say that he is some distance from the position he held on the 12th.
Hooker's operations on the same day — also the other corps.
Simultaneously with the movement of McPherson's troops the rest of the corps
were advanced — Palmer directing himself towards the enemy's position
on Kenesaw Mountain, Howard at Pine Mountain, the other corps filling up the
gaps and participating in the general action. Hooker during the day made one
of his magnificent assault is upon the enemy's works at the base of Lost Mountain.
He soon carried their outer line of rifle pits, and charged with such impetuosity
that he was not long in driving the enemy completely out of his first line
of fortifications, forcing him up the mountain. In the position taken from
the enemy Hooker remained, and after little labor placed it in a safe condition
of defence. The enemy made some efforts to recover the lost ground, on very
aptly, Lost Mountain, but was unable, being repulsed each time he undertook
it.
Top,
Graphical
The unchecked progress and invariably successful reconnaissances of Sherman's
army have at last almost brought us one of the mountainous region of Georgia.
Having practiced the popular flank movement upon Johnston at Dalton, avoided
the bold and defensible range of the Chattanooga Mountains, having forced the
enemy, with hardly a skirmish, out of the Altoona Mountains, there remains
but one strong point left at which to make a good defence, and that is the
position he now occupies. We had, indeed, supposed that the Altoona range was
the last obstacle to a debouch upon the open country of the Chattahoochee valley;
but we suddenly find ourselves opposed by another but smaller range of hills,
though equally as formidable, the most prominent of which are Kenesaw, Pine
and Lost Mountains. It is here the enemy has successfully stood for a week,
defying the ability of our army to move him. The operations on the 15th, however,
inaugurated the movement which will soon put us in possession of this important
stronghold. Since our arrival at Big Shanty our army has by no means been idle.
Every day there have been reconnaissances and observations, tending to the
discovery of the enemy's weak points.
The map which accompanies this dispatch, and points out the prominent features
of interest in this section, is a tracing of the military map made at Chattanooga,
and is of great accuracy. Portions of it consist of a protraction of the surveys
of the Cherokee gold mine region, which was originally laid out in sections
and thus sold. With these facilities Capt W E Merrill, topographical engineer
of the Arm the Cumberland, was enabled to compile an excellent and trustworthy
map of the country through which our armies have been and are now operating.
It will be seen from the map that Johnston's line now extends through Lost,
Pine, and Kenesaw Mountains, extending in a southwestern direction, or rather
almost directly from east to west. The mountains alluded to me peaks in the
range, and add vastly to its defensive strength, and magnify the difficulties
in the way of our army. Prior to the movement detailed in this dispatch the
enemy held works at the of the range. The operations of the 13th and 16th in
driving these to another fine of works running along the summit of the The
capture of this line will insure the of the entire range, and will probably
of the next action.
Sherman
in sight of Marietta.
A surgeon who called on General Sherman last night informs me that the General
remarked that he had "counted the houses of Marietta" that afternoon,
from an elevation in the vicinity of Pine Mountain. This indicates how close
we are to the just foothold of the rebels this side of the Chattahoochee. A
few days will probably find him driven across the river, and the mountain one
region cleared by our army. Marietta is a small but pretty place; about twenty
miles from Atlanta.
Conversations
with prisoners — the Yankee troops not sacrificed
Carelessly
I had extensive conversation with the prisoners taken on the 15th, but elicit
little news from them. Some say the rebel soldiers are in as good spirits as
ever, and just as willing to fight [forever]; others do not put on such a bright
coloring. The captured Colonel was formerly a lawyer in Chicago, and a short
time before the war removed to Huntsville, Alabama, where he prosecuted his
profession, and at the same time carried on a suit for the possession of the
heart of a the this Southron; which he won, and united to himself city.
One very singular observation was made by several of the men in relation to
the fighting of the two armies, which struck me as very true. They say that
our men do not stand up and sacrifice their lines as freely as they do. Our
men have common sense enough in know when they are unnecessarily exposed, and
act accordingly. The rebel army is moved only by the intelligence of its leaders;
our army acts through the intelligence of the whole mass. The prisoners say
our officers do not sacrifice their men uselessly, but always consider the
cost before they undertake a move They think their officers have little regard
for the lives of the soldiers, and are willing to sacrifice any number to accomplish
their purposes.
How Gen Polk's death was discovered.
A short time ago a signal officer by the name of Fluke, if I remember the name
rightly, discovered the principle of the rebel system of signals, which enabled
him to interpret what was transpiring along the enemy's lines. The discovery
and key to the system was made known to some of our signal officers, and often
through them and by this means valuable information has been secured concerning
the designs of the enemy. On the afternoon of the 14th, after the death of
Gen Polk, it seems the fact was announced along the enemy's lines by signals.
One of the signal officers of our corps read and interpreted the signels, and
at once made the unexpected announcement to our officers.
An officer tells me, when he drove the enemy back on the following day, that
a pole with a piece of paper fastened at the end was found standing against
a stump. One of them scurried the paper, upon which were these words: "You
damned Yankees have killed old General Polk."
When
the first news of his death reached us there was some
doubt whether it was Lieutenant General Polk or a subordinate
general of the same name. From the facts since secured,
however, there seems to be no doubt about its being the
variable Bishop General Leonidas.
_____
"Without a groan his great manly form, so full of honor and love, tottered
and fell, with his feet to the foe, and his face upturned to the sky above."
-Mary Polk Branch, MEMOIRS OF A SOUTHERN WOMAN, 1912
_____
"The most remarkable thing about him was, that not a drop of blood was ever
seen to come out of the place through which the cannon ball [shell] had passed. My
pen and ability is inadequate to the task of doing his memory justice. Every
private soldier loved him... When I saw him there dead, I felt that I had lost
a friend whom I had ever loved and respected, and that the South had lost one
of her best and greatest generals."
-Sam R. Watkins, Private, C.S.A., "CO. AYTCH," 1882
_____
"In the left pocket of his coat was found his Book of Common-Prayer,
and in the right four copies of a little manual entitled 'Balm for the Weary
and Wounded' [penned by Rev. Dr. Charles Todd Quintard]. Upon the fly-leaf
of three of these had been written the names respectively of 'General Joseph
E. Johnston,' 'Lieutenant-General Hardee,' 'Lieutenant-General Hood,' 'with compliments
of Leonidas Polk, June 12th, 1864.' Upon that of the fourth was inscribed
his own name. All were saturated with his blood."
-Funeral Services at the burial of Liet. Gen. Leonidas Polk,
published 1866
___________
Evidence
reveals that the fatal blow was struck by a timed fuse 3" Hotchkiss
shell fired from an Ordnance cannon (sometimes called "Rodman" gun,
though incorrectly) sighted by Corporal Frank McCollum, of Captain Peter
Simonson's 5th Indiana Battery, of Major-General David S. Stanely's Division,
of Major-General Oliver O. Howard's IV Army Corps, of Major-General George
H. Thomas' ("the Shame of Virginia") Army of the Cumberland,
of Major-General William Tecumseh Sherman's Military Division of the
Mississippi.
(Sources: THE CAMPAIGN FOR ATLANTA,
William R. Scaife, 1993; ARTICLES OF WAR, Albert
Castel, 2001)
_____
____
(Source: Hotchkiss Projectiles and Projectile Cross Sections
at Jack Melton's authoritative Civil
War Artillery; viewed 5/8/2014)
_____
Pine Mtn. GA, June 14-15, 1864, Washington Artillery
Courtesy of Fred Bentley, Sr.
Unexploded Hotchkiss shell (timing fuse variety) dug from
a tree on Pine Mountain, presumably fired from Federal artillery.
Plaque as an honor to Washington Artillery, per shell fired at them,
not by them.
___________
Confederate batteries defending the Pine Mountain salient
included one unit of the New Orleans Washington Artillery:
One
of the most popular shells used
during the war
A three piece artillery shell
Percussion (displayed) or timing fuse
Black powder bursting charge
In the first millisecond of cannon fire the back end of the projectile
(1) is forced forward causing the lead band (2) around the center portion
of the shell to expand so it will engage the rifling in the barrel causing
it to spin which gives it greater accuracy. The bursting charge (3) was
in the nose of the shell. All three pieces were shot from a cannon.
_____
_____
3" Ordnance Rifle
Unidentified, well-fed, well-provisioned, well-dressed, well-resourced
Yankee Artillerymen with fully equipped 3" Ordnance Rifle
_____
Live replica firing of a murderous 3" Ordnance rifle
(Source: http://www.pbocorp.biz/action.php; viewed 6/4/2014)
_____
_____
"[T]he fatal missile of death deprived us of a hero."
-Col. J.N. Waytt of the 12th Tennessee, in Derek Smith's THE GALLANT DEAD: Union and Confederate Generals Killed in the Civil War, 2005
_____
Courtesy of Archives of The University of the South
To Columbus, Miss. June 16th, 1864
By Telegraph from Marietta, 14th, 1864
Forwarded from Meridian, 16th
To Lt. Col. M. L. Polk, Aberdeen
Father was killed today instantly being struck
by three inch rile shot while reconnoitering enemy."
M. Polk
_____
" 'Pine Mountain, a lone sentinel of nature, was made sacredly historic by the blood of the great preacher, General Bishop Polk,' a Rebel soldier wrote."
-In Smith's THE GALLANT DEAD, 2005
___________
Federal
occupation of Pine Mountain: |
GENERAL SHERMAN'S CAMPAIGN
We give on page 453 three interesting sketches relating to General Sherman's
advance in Georgia. These give a view of localities which, in connection
with this campaign, have become historic. We have here, in the first place,
a sketch of PINE MOUNTAIN, lately occupied by General
Howard's corps, after its evacuation by the enemy- the result of one of
Sherman's flank movements. It is a high knob, from which a splendid view
of the country and a good idea of the position of the different armies
may be obtained.
It was on the crest of this mountain that Lieutenant-General Polk was killed,
June 14, by a shell form the Fifth Indiana Battery- the battery of the
gallant Captain SIMONSON, who was himself killed
the next day. The different corps of SHERMAN'S army
have their signal stations on the top of Pine Mountain."
-Harper's Weekly, June 16, 1864
_____
Frank Kirk Road, Kennesaw:
Captain Peter Simonson
5th Indiana Battery
Acting chief of artillery for the 1st Division (4th Army Corps),
Simonson on June 16, 1864 was busy entrenching here a 4-gun
battery of artillery when he was killed by a Confederate bullet. The
Confederate was perhaps a sharpshooter armed with an English made
rifle with scope known as a Whitworth. The Whitworth fired a sixsided
bullet that could kill a target one-half mile away. However, the
two armies were within a few hundred feet of each other at this point,
so it is not unreasonable to believe he could have been killed by a
common Confederate rifleman.
___________
From Francis Trevelyan Miller's THE PHOTOGRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE CIVIL
WAR, Vol. 3, 1911:
Pine Mountain, where Polk, the Fighting Bishop
of the Confederacy, was killed.
---
Lieut.-Gen Leonidas Polk, C.S.A.
---
So multifarious were the movements of the two great armies among the hills
and forests of that part of Georgia that it is impossible for us to follow
them all. On the 14th of June, Generals Johnston, Hardee, and Polk rode
up the slope of Pine Mountain to reconnoiter. As they were standing, making
observations, a Federal battery in the distance opened on them and General
Polk was struck in the chest with a Parrot* shell. He was killed instantly.
(*Hotchkiss)
General Polk was greatly beloved, and his death caused a shock to the whole
Confederate army. He was a graduate of West Point; but after being graduated
he took orders in the church and for twenty years before the war was Episcopal
Bishop of Louisiana. At th outbreak of the war he entered the field and
served with distinction to the moment of his death.
During the next two weeks there was almost incessant fighting, heavy skirmishing,
sparring for position. It was a wonderful game of military strategy, played
among the hills and mountains and forests by two masters in the art of
war. On June 23d, Sherman wrote, "The whole country is one vast fort,
and Johnston must have full fifty miles of connected trenches. . . . Our
lines are now in close contact, and the fighting incessant. ... As fast
as we gain one position, the enemy has another all ready."
_____
From Francis Trevelyan Miller's THE PHOTOGRAPHIC HISTORY
OF THE CIVIL WAR, Vol. 10, 1911:
Lieut.-General Leonidas Polk
Pine Mountain
June 14, 1864
---
Confederate Generals Killed in Battle
No 1
Army and Corps Commanders
A.S. Johnston, L. Polk, A.P. Hill
___________
"I saw the smoke from and heard the thunder of Simonson's guns as they sent the fatal shot that tore his body and ended his earthly career. Sad and awful moment for the Confederacy."
-Lot Young in Smith's THE GALLANT DEAD, 2005
___________
Grape shot, fragments gathered from the spot
where General Leonidas Polk fell at the
summit of the mountain. 1864
Kennesaw, Mt.
From Dr. Polk, June 1890
(Mini balls, not grapeshot; Pine Mountain, not Kennesaw;
courtesy of Archives of THE UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH.)
___________
Contemporary Pine Mountain Topography
___________
"One special moment came after the Color Bearers had hiked to a little-visited site on Pine Mountain when Davis [Historian Stephen Davis, joined by Charlie Crawford of Georgia Battlefields Association] gave a vivid description of the death there of Bishop-General Leonidas Polk."
"Great Time at the Grand Review," in Civil War Preservation Trust's Hallowed Ground, , Winter 2004
___________
"Georgia Governor Joe Brown on the eve of Secession: 'They may exterminate us... but conquer us they never will!' "
-DICTIONARY OF GEORGIA BIOGRAPHIES, Vol. 1, Athens, The University of Georgia Press, 1983
___________
Excerpt from "Battles of Georgia,"
by Mrs. Lula Kendall Rogers,
Poet Laureate Georgia Division, U.D.C.,
Confederate Veteran, Vol. XXXI, No. 5, May 1923:
On Kenesaw's immortal crest
The flames rose higher and higher
Till Marietta seemed herself
A Kremlin pile on fire.
There kingly Bishop-General Polk,
With grand heroic love,
Exchanged the soldier's earthly crown
For a crown of stars above!
___________
Collection of 3" Hotchkiss case shot and shells on display
at the Nash Farm Battlefield reenactment and dedication,
August 19, 2006; courtesy of Mike Almond, Newnan, Georgia.
_____
HOTCHKISS & SONS ARTILLERY PROJECTILES
Clockwise, from top left: 3-inch time fuse case shot; Frankfort Arsenal 30-second time fuse; Hotchkiss patent percussion fuse; 3-inch time fuse shell, sectioned; 3.8-inch time fuse shell or case shot; 10-second time fuse packet, Frankfort Arsenal, 1863; 3-inch time fuse case shot. Center: Hotchkiss & Sons illustrated trade card, c. 1864 (reprographic 4X enlargement)
Museum of Connecticut History
(Source: http://connecticuthistory.org/connecticut-arms-the-union; viewed 5/9/2014)
___________
|
"...mourning
is expected to foster memory, which in a practical sense is
quite plausible. Mourning results in 'historic empathy,' as
we recall what we have lost."
-M.E. Bradford, "Donald Davidson and the Calculus of Memory, Chronicles, May, 1994 _____ Henry Timrod's "Charleston": Calm as that second summer which precedes The first fall of the snow, In the broad sunlight of heroic deeds, The City bides the foe.
As yet, behind their
ramparts stern and proud,
No Calpe frowns
from lofty cliff or scar
And down the dunes
a thousand guns lie couched,
Meanwhile, through
streets still echoing with trade,
And maidens, with
such eyes as would grow dim
Thus girt without
and garrisoned at home,
Ships, through a
hundred foes, from Saxon lands
But still, along
you dim Atlantic line,
Shall the spring
dawn, and she still clad in smiles,
We know not; in
the temple of the Fates _____ From Harper's
New Monthly Magazine, June 1857:
Can this attitude be maintained? I presume not to speak of special political measures, but would earnestly urge the adoption of a course which will enable us to retain our hold upon our principles, and keep a posture of preparation for any relief which a gracious Providence may be pleased in answer to our prayers to grant us from the evils which now oppress us: Let us cling to our identity as a people! The danger is upon us of losing it- of its being absorbed and swallowed up in that of a people which having despoiled us of the rights of freemen assumes to do our thinking, our legislating and our ruling for us. Influences are operating on us with every last breath we draw which, if we be not vigilant, will sooner or later wipe out every distinctive characteristic which has hitherto marked us. Are we prepared for it? In that event, nothing of the past will be left to the South but a history which will read like and elegiac poem, nothing for the present but a place on the maps which our children study, nothing for the future but a single element of existence- a geographical one. But can we preserve our identity in the face of the difficulties which oppose it? We may do it, by
continuing to wear the badges of mourning befitting a deeply
afflicted people; by consenting to undergo the trials which
distinguish us from a people inflated with material prosperity
rather than abate one jot or tittle of our adhesion to principle;
and by transforming the sufferings endured for freedom's
sake into a discipline which may save our virtues from decay,
and our liberties from extinction. We may do it, by utterly
refusing to participate in any measures, of however great
apparent utility, which require the slightest compromise
of our innermost convictions; by declining to acquiesce where
only to submit is demanded of us; and by preserving a dignified
silence by which we shall signify our resolution, if we may
not act for truth, right and liberty, not to act at all.
We may do it, by instituting peculiar customs and organizations
which will discharge the office of monuments perpetuating
the past; by forming associations of a memorial character
like that whose call gathers us here today; by collecting
and publishing materials for our own history; and by appointing
anniversaries by which if we may not celebrate the attainment
of independence we can at least commemorate the deeds of
men who died for our fundamental liberties and constitutional
rights. We may do it, by scrupulously adhering to the phraseology
of the past- by making it the vehicle for transmitting to
our posterity ideas which once true are true forever, all
opposition to them by brute force to the contrary notwithstanding.
We may do it, by the education we impart to the young; by
making our nurseries, schools and colleges channels for conveying
from generation to generation our own type of thought, sentiment
and opinion; by stamping on the minds of our children principles
hallowed by the blood of patriots, and by leading them with
uncovered heads to gaze upon the grandest monuments the South
can rear to liberty- the headstones which mark the last resting-place
of Southern Volunteers! After
he had patiently endured, The
museum began enlarging its permanent exhibit on the
war in 2011, the 150th anniversary of the war’s
beginning, and will continue to add to the expansion
through 2015, with the end of the sesquicentennial observation
of the war.
In
seeds of laurels in the earth, Meanwhile,
your sisters for the years Small
tributes, but your shades will smile Stoop,
angels, hither from the skies! |
___________
(Source: http://www.gacivilwar.org/timeline; undated)
___________
___________
The Leonidas Polk Memorial Monument
atop Pine Mountain
Kennesaw, Georgia
Erected In the 100th Year Preceding the 2002 Charleston Annunciation
SOUTH
1861 1865
IN
MEMORY OF
LIEUT. GEN. LEONIDAS
POLK
Who
fell on this spot
June
14, 1864
Folding
his arms across his breast,
he stood gazing on the scene below,
turning himself around as if
to take a farewell view.
Thus standing a cannon shot
from the enemy's guns
crashed through his breast,
and opened a wide door
through which his spirit took
its flight to join his comrades
on the other shore.
Surely the earth never
opened her arms to allow
the head of a braver man
to rest upon her bosom.
Surely the light never pushed
back to make
brighter the road that leads
to the lamb.
And surely the gates of heaven
never opened wider to
allow a more manly spirit to
enter therein.
Erected
by J. Gid and Mary J. Morris.
1902
---
Reverse
NORTH
Veni Vidi Vici
With
5 to 1
_____
General Polk Monument
Pine Mountain, Cobb, Co., Ga.
14th Annual Reunion
Georgia Division
United Confederate Veterans
Marietta
August 28-28, 1912
(Courtesy of Everitt Bowles at http://www.civilwarbadges.com)
_____
_____
James Newton's "Amazing
Grace,"
in OLNEY HYMNS, 1779
AMAZING grace! How sweet the sound
That saved a wretch like me.
I once was lost, but now am found,
Was blind, but now I see.
'Twas
grace that taught my heart to fear,
And grace my fears relieved.
How precious did that grace appear
The hour I first believed.
Through
many dangers, toils and snares
I have already come;
'Tis grace hath brought me safe thus far
And grace will lead me home.
The
Lord has promised good to me
His word my hope secures;
He will my shield and portion be,
As long as life endures.
Yea,
when this flesh and heart shall fail,
And mortal life shall cease,
I shall possess within the veil,
A life of joy and peace.
_____
Courtesy of Rose Taylor
_____
John Henry Cardinal Newman's "The Pillar of
Cloud,"
in HYMNS OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH, Vol. XLV, Part 2, Harvard Classics,
1909-14:
At Sea, 16 June 1833
LEAD,
Kindly Light, amid the encircling gloom,
Lead Thou me on!
The night is dark, and I am far from home-
Lead Thou me on!
Keep Thou my feet; I do not ask to see
The distant scene,- one step enough for me.
I
was not ever thus, nor pray'd that Thou
Shouldst lead me on.
I loved to choose and see my path; but now
Lead Thou me on!
I loved the garish day, and, spite of fears,
Pride ruled my will; remember not past years.
So
long Thy power hath blest me, sure it still
Will lead me on,
O'er moor and fen, o'er crag and torrent, till
The night is gone;
And with the morn those angel faces smile
Which I have loved long since, and lost awhile.
_____
"She made her pilgrimage to his grave for the first time.
There, just as she had been carefully instructed, she fulfilled
the Sewanee Cornerstone Prophecy upon his gravestone altar. Immediately
afterwards, she met the right kind of church lady, who, having
made the Cathedral Shrine the family spiritual home, and therefore
could see deeply into the past, told Mary Ware the much needed
revelation: 'The Yankees shot down our Bishop-General on the crest
of Pine Mount while he was saying his prayers for us.' "
-From THE LAST CHRISTIAN IN ALABAMA, draft
manuscript
_____
Confederate Veteran, Volume 10, No. 5,
May 1902,
at https://archive.org/stream/confederateveter10conf#page/192/mode/2up;
viewed 5/9/2014:
HONORING THE MEMORY OF GEN. L. POLK
The tribute paid to the memory of Lieut. Gen. Leonidas Polk by
J. Gidd Morris and wife of .\Marietta. Ga., in the erection of
a marble shaft twenty feet high on the top of Pine Mountain, Ga.,
on the spot where he was killed, is a notable event in Confederate
history. Comrade Morris is a quiet citizen living on his farm
near Marietta. He is loyal veteran and has for some years sought
to influence the Georgia Division, U. C. V., to erect some tribute
to Gen. Polk. When there was lack of response he determined he
would do it himself. Inquiry of Comrade Morris as to the considerations
brought the following points: The prime motive for the undertaking
was that the Southern people owed this debt to the brave Christian
gentle man and soldier. For years be had sought to influence action
at his state reunions without encouragement. After many conferences
with his patriotic wife he determined to erect it by her help.
It was his idea to do it quietly, but when his enterprise was
found out it determined to make the event a public occasion.
In a letter, comrade Morris stales in part:
When we commenced this two years ago we did not know Gen. P. had
any living relations. Last winter I spoke to Rev. Mr. Pies, a
minister of Marietta, and he wrote to a William Polk, of New York,
in regard to this work, and I received a most beautiful letter
from him. I did nol answer until April 1, and stated that we would
put it up on the 5th. It rained and prevented. A few old veterans
found it out and would have it made public. Since then we have
received letters from two of his daughters, one from New Orleans,
the other from Nashville, and the son in New York, expressing
pressing in beautiful language their heart- felt thanks toward
us S sufficient to fully repay us for all that we did. Nothing
has been done for this in thirty-eight years. It is my native
slate and home county. My father before and after I was born was
a great admirer of James K. Polk, and I learned in time of the
war that Leonidas Polk was a near relative. That and other reasons
that I have neither language, nor time to give, induced the undertaking.
LIEUT. GEN. LEONIDAS POLK
On the front page of this Veteran there are several views of Pine
Mountain and the earth works made there in 1864. They were made
on the day of dedicating the marble shaft erected by Mr. J. Gidd
Morris to the memory of Lieut. Gen. (and Bishop) Leonidas Polk.
There were present several hundred people, and the ceremony was
quite interesting and appropriate. The freshness of the earth
works was amazing. There did not seem to have been a human being
about the spot except to erect this monument and to cut the way
through trees for vehicles. The rains seem to have fallen lightly
upon the earth works. The point is much more elevated than had
been the impression of at least one who recalls the day and the
sad hour that the news of Gen. Polk's death was passed along the
lines. Comrade Morris has sad memories of the war. He says : "The
Yankees in overwhelming numbers came down here and destroyed or
took away the last moveable piece of property of my father, drove
my mother from her home, and killed my brothers on their own soil."
Miss Fannie Morris whose picture is herewith is a daughter of
Mr. and Mrs. Gid Morris.
On the north side is engraved the word "North," and
the following, "Veni, vidi, vici, with five to one."
On the south side of the monument is inscribed the word, "South,"
the Confederate flag, with the dates
1861 and 1865, and the following:
"In memory of Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk,
who fell on this spot on June 14, 1864.
"Folding his arms across his breast he stood gazing
on the scene below, turning himself around as if to
take a farewell view. There standing, a cannon shot
from the enemy's guns crashed through his breast and
opened a wide door through which his spirit took its
flight to join his comrades on the other shore. Surely
the earth never opened her arms to allow the head of
a braver man to rest upon her bosom ; surely the light
never pushed the darkness back to make brighter the
road that leads to the Lamb, and surely the gates of
heaven never' opened wider to allow a more manly
spirit to enter therein.
"Erected by J. Gid and Mary Morris April 10, 1902."
From the monument, which marks the exact spot where Gen. Polk fell, there
is a grand panoramic view for miles in all directions. The trunk
of the chestnut tree which was struck by the shell which glanced
and instantly killed Gen. Polk, is still standing, and nearly every
one present took a piece of wood from it as a souvenir. After the
unveiling "America" was sung by a choir composed of ladies
and men of Marietta, and they also sang "Shall We Gather at
the River?" at the conclusion of the exercises.
Benjamin H. Hill donated to Comrade Morris an acre of land on the apex
of the mountain for the purpose. Addresses were made after a prayer by
Rev. S. R. Belk, eulogizing the high character of Gen. Polk, Capt. W.
J. Hudson, Col. Charles D. Phillips, of Marietta, Gen. A. J. West, of
Atlanta (commanding the U. C. V. in that part of Georgia) by Gen. C.
L. Walker, of South Carolina, and Hon. Henry Richardson, of Atlanta.
A message of gratitude from Gen. Polk's relatives was delivered by a
Tennessean.
Mr. Morris, the donor of the monument, in response to calls, made a patriotic
speech. He and his noble wife received the hearty congratulations and
thanks of nearly everybody present. Capt. A. J. West, of Atlanta, helped
to bear the body of Gen. Polk from the spot where he fell. Mrs. T. J.
Hardage, to whose home the remains were taken, was present. She is now
eighty-two years old. She seemed to be much affected by the proceedings.
From Gen. Leonidas Polk's Pockets.
When Gen. Polk was killed on top of Pine Mountain, his body was taken
to Atlanta. A. J. West, Brig. Gen. U. C. V., has a card which was read
at the dedication of the shaft : "In the pockets of Gen. Polk were
found his book of common prayer for the service of the Protestant Episcopal
Church, and four copies of the Rev. R. C. T. Quintard's little work entitled, "Balm
for the Weary and Wounded." Upon the fly leaves of each of these
little volumes, indicating for whom they were intended, were inscribed
the names of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, Lieut. Gen. Hardee, and Lieut.
Gen. Hood, with the compliments of Lieut. Gen. Leonidas Polk, June 12,
1864. Within the fourth volume was inscribed his own name. All were saturated
with blood which flowed from the wound."
___________
John
Milton's "On Time," in POEMS,
1645:
Fly
envious Time, till thou run out thy race,
Call on the lazy leaden-stepping hours,
Whose speed is but the heavy Plummets pace;
And glut thy self with what thy womb devours,
Which is no more then what is false and vain,
And meerly mortal dross;
So little is our loss,
So little is thy gain.
For when as each thing bad thou hast entomb'd,
And last of all, thy greedy self consum'd,
Then long Eternity shall greet our bliss
With an individual kiss;
And Joy shall overtake us as a flood,
When every thing that is sincerely good
And perfectly divine, With Truth, and Peace, and Love shall ever shine
About the supreme Throne
Of him, t' whose happy-making sight alone,
When once our heav'nly-guided soul shall clime,
Then all this Earthy grosnes quit,
Attir'd with Stars, we shall for ever sit,
Triumphing over Death, and Chance, and thee O Time.
___________
|
From
http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn-school-cutting-gifted-program-boost-diversity-article-1.1595864;
1/14/2014:
A popular gifted program will get the axe after Ditmas Park school officials chose diversity over exclusivity. Citing a lack of diversity, PS 139 Principal Mary McDonald informed parents in a letter that the Students of Academic Rigor and two other in-house programs would no longer accept applications for incoming kindergartners. “Our
Kindergarten classes will be heterogeneously
grouped to reflect the diversity of our
student body and the community we live
in,” McDonald told parents in a
letter posted on the photo-sharing site
flickr and obtained by Ditmas Park Corner. Prof Amanda Vickery, one of the BBC’s current crop of history presenters, said the new version should be gender-balanced. The original Civilisation, broadcast in 1969, remains a landmark in factual television. Lord Clark wrote, produced and presented the documentary series, appearing on screen immaculately dressed in suit and tie. One of the foremost art historians of his day, he guided viewers through the centuries with a script delivered in tones of received pronunciation. However,
Prof Vickery said the idea of a male
presenter dispensing wisdom was outdated. “We
have exciting news to share — the
administration has officially expressed
its desire to collaborate with us on
designing a privilege training component
for Orientation week for every HKS degree
program!” states a post in a Tumblr
page that was dedicated to advocating
for the training. Although the exact stipulations of the training have not yet been determined, earlier posts on the page reveal what kind of topics the group expects the privilege-checking training to cover. “A mandatory power and privilege training that examines components of race, gender, socioeconomic class, sexual orientation, ability, religion, international status, and power differentials for every incoming HKS student starting August 2014,” it states. The
post also claimed that this mandatory
training was absolutely necessary for
anyone seeking to be a leader in public
policy. Closing
the center, which hosted a controversial
LGBTQ seminar this spring, will save
USCU $45,000 yearly. Additional cuts
at USCU will total $450,000 from the
university’s budget of $92 million-a
year. Instead, students who would normally be recognized at the annual spring tradition will be honored during team-based recognition ceremonies and graduation. Update: School Changes Heart, Honors Night Back on the Table after Parent Outcry The notice was sent to parents over the weekend in an e-mail signed by School Principal Alexis Meyer and Assistant Principal Dan Seger. "Members of the school community have long expressed concerns related to the exclusive nature of Honors Night," the email stated. By
having the recognition ceremonies during
team-based ceremonies, it will "afford
us the opportunity to celebrate the individual
and collective success of all students
and their effort, progress and excellence." Students at Manatee High School in Bradenton, Fla., are being required to pay $20 to participate in the event. And if parents want a good view of their child receiving their diploma, the school is charging $200 for a “premium” seat. The school district said the extra cost is a means to pay for the ceremony due to a lack of funds. But parents are calling the whole plan ridiculous. "It's being discriminatory,” said Mark Domer. “Economically, socially, socio-economically, it's just not fair." "$200 is a lot of money for a preferred seating,” said parent Mayu Fielding. “Is my child more important than yours?” The
district points out other high schools
in Manatee County already charge graduation
fees and the school will waive the $20
charge for students with financial needs. The study, conducted by the Chronicle of Higher Education took into account base salary, bonuses, deferred pay, retirement and severance. It found that nine presidents went over the $1 million mark in 2013 while just four presidents made the list in 2012. Former Ohio State president Gordon Gee led the pack of presidents as he earned $6.1 million while president. Gee is now the president of West Virginia University after resigning at Ohio State when he made several disparaging comments, including barraging the University of Notre Dame and Roman Catholics. The
other presidents earning more than $1
million include: Bowen Loftin, president
of Texas A&M University at College
Station; Hamid Shirvani, president of
North Dakota University system; Renu
Khator, University of Houston main campus;
Sally Mason, University of Iowa; Michael
McRobbie, Indiana University at Bloomington;
Michael Adams, University of Georgia;
Gordon Moulton, University of South Alabama;
and Mary Sue Coleman, University of Michigan
at Ann Arbor. Housing Preservation and Development Commissioner Vicki Been said the plan to build 80,000 new affordable apartments and preserve 120,000 units would create a more diverse city. “We really have to make economic diversity a cornerstone of that plan,” she said at a City Council budget hearing Wednesday. “That
means that in some neighborhoods that
have mostly middle or upper-income housing,
that we would need to put affordable
housing at the very lowest income,” she
said. The
flyer, flagged by Progressives Today,
reads in part: “I
am speechless…the ‘urge to
win’ will be kept at a minimum.
What are we teaching our children? Everyone
isn’t a winner, there are winners
and losers. The kids that win and get
awards drive those that don’t to
do better,” Staph wrote, according
to the website. “I don’t think this is about stupidity; it’s about malice. That’s the game.” |
__________
"and will produce them again"
From Richard Weaver's consequential THE SOUTHERN
TRADITION AT BAY, 1968, 1971, 1989:
The question of whether one shall stand up for what is near and dear
to him, which is the meaning of all patriotism, or, putting all sentiment
aside, align himself with what is supposed to be the general drift
of humanity, has produced divisions before and will produce them again.
Thus the Civil war becomes only a version of the argument between the
universalists and the particularists, with the Southern soldiers choosing
to defend the part, made dear by nativity and associations.
---
The backwoods politicians of mid-nineteenth century America were unknowingly
entangled in the great debate of the Schoolmen, with the Southern separatists
playing the part of the Nominalists, and the Northern democrats and
equalitarians that of Realists. This view of the conflict, thought
unfamiliar, is not farfetched, and if all questions resolve themselves
ultimately into metaphysical problems, as is not impossible, it becomes
the philosophical description of the event.
_____
From Frederick Copleston's "The Problem of Universals," in A
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY: Medieval Philosopy, Volume II, 1962, 1993:
Although what we see and touch are particular things, when we think
these things we cannot help using general ideas and words, as when
we say, 'This particular object which which I see is a tree, and elm
to be precise.' Such a judgement affirms of a particular object that
it is of a certain kind, that it belongs to the genus tree and the
species elm; but it is clear that there may be many other objects besides
the acutal one perceived to which the same terms may be applied, which
may be covered by the same ideas. In other words, objects outside the
mind are individual, whereas condepts are general, universal in character,
in the sense that they apply indifferently to a multitude of individuals.
But, if extramental objects are particular and human concepts universal,
it is clearly of importance to discover the relation holding between
them. If the fact that the subsistent objects are individual and concepts
general means that universal concepts have no foundation in extramental
reality, if the universality of concepts means that they are mere ideas,
thne a rift between thought and objects is created and our knowledge,
so far as it is expressed in universal concepts and judgements, is
of doubtful validity at the very least. The scientist expresses his
knowledge in abstract and universal terms, (for exampe, he does not
make a statement about this particular electron, but about electrons
in general), and if these terms have no foundation in extramental reality,
his science is an arbitrary construction, which has no relation to
reality. In so far indeed as human judgements are of a universal character
or involve universal concepts, as in the statement that this rose is
red, the problem would extend to human knowledge in general, and if
the question as to the existence of an extramental foundation of a
universal concept is answered in the negative, scepticism would result.
---
Perhaps one of the factors which may give the impression that the mediaevals
were discussing a comparatively unimportant question is this, that
they practically confined their attention to genera and and species
in the category of substance. Not that the problem, even in this restricted
form, is unimportant, but if the problem is raised in regard to the
other categories as well, its implications in regard to at least the
greater part of human knowledge becomes more evident. It becomes clear
that the problem is ultimately the epistemological problem of the relation
of thought to reality.
_____
"rejection of universals"
From http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nominalism-metaphysics;
viewed 5/21/2014:
Nominalism comes in at least two varieties. In one of them it is the
rejection of abstract objects; in the other it is the rejection of
universals. Philosophers have often found it necessary to postulate
either abstract objects or universals. And so Nominalism in one form
or another has played a significant role in the metaphysical debate
since at least the Middle Ages, when versions of the second variety
of Nominalism were introduced. The two varieties of Nominalism are
independent from each other and either can be consistently held without
the other.
---
The nominalist about universals rejects universals — but what
are they? The distinction between particulars and universals is usually
taken to be both exhaustive and exclusive, but whether there is such
a distinction is controversial. The distinction can be drawn in terms
of a relation of instantiation: we can say that something is a universal
if and only if it can be instantiated by more than one entity (whether
it can be instantiated by particulars or universals) — otherwise
it is a particular. Thus while both particulars and universals can
instantiate entities, only universals can be instantiated. If whiteness is
a universal then every white thing is an instance of it. But the things
that are white, e.g. Socrates, cannot have any instances.
Realists about universals typically think that properties (e.g. whiteness), relations (e.g. betweenness), and kinds (e.g. gold) are universals. Where do universals exist? Do they exist in the things that instantiate them? Or do they exist outside them? To maintain the second option is to maintain an ante rem realism about universals. If universals exist outside their instances then it is plausible to suppose that they exist outside space and time. If so, assuming their consequent causal inertness, universals are abstract objects. To maintain that universals exist in their instances is to maintain an in re realism about universals. If universals exist in their instances, and their instances exist in space or time, then it is plausible to think that universals exist in space or time, in which case they are concrete. In this case universals can be multiply located, i.e. they can occupy more than one place at the same time, for in re universals are wholly located at each place they occupy (thus if there is whiteness in re, then such a thing can be six meters apart from itself).
Thus,
both on ante rem and in re realism
about universals, universals enjoy a relation
with space very different from that apparently
enjoyed by ordinary objects of experience like
houses, horses and men. For such particulars
are located in space and time and cannot be located
in more than one place at the same time. But
universals are either not located in space or
else they can occupy more than one place at the
same time.
---
A final version of Nominalism is Resemblance Nominalism.
According to this theory, it is not that scarlet things resemble one
another because they are scarlet, but what makes them scarlet is that
they resemble one another. Thus what makes something scarlet is that
it resembles the scarlet things. Similarly, what makes square things
square is that they resemble one another, and so what makes something
square is that it resembles the square things. Resemblance is fundamental
and primitive and so either there are no properties or the properties
of a thing depend on what things it resembles.
Thus
on one version of the theory a property like being
scarlet is a certain class whose members
satisfy certain definite resemblance conditions.
On another version of the theory there are no
properties, but what makes scarlet things scarlet
is that they satisfy certain resemblance conditions.
___________
From http://mdjonline.com/bookmark/15671862/article-History+gets+a+facelift;
9/26/2011:
KENNESAW — The Georgia Division of the Sons of Confederate Veterans
is restoring Confederate monuments and historical markers across the
state, including the Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk monument at Pine Mountain
in Kennesaw.
Erected in 1902, the marble monument has suffered from time, pollution
and even vandalism over the course of more than a century. With $6,000
in funding from the sale of SCV specialty tags, the nonprofit organization
was able to restore the monument back to its original condition.
The Smyrna-based Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk chapter of the Georgia SCV led the restoration effort.
“General Polk was the only lieutenant general killed outside of Virginia in the entire Confederate Army,” said Martin O’Toole, past chapter commander.
“He was the highest ranking Confederate officer to be killed outside the state of Virginia and he was only equal by two others; that’s Gens. A.P. Hill and Stonewall Jackson.”
The monument was restored by conservation and restoration experts at Acworth-based Ponsford, Ltd., who have also performed similar work at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia. A small fence surrounding the monument and a historical marker are in the process of being completed.
The state SCV is erecting and restoring monuments, and replacing and marking Confederate headstones throughout the state as part of the organization’s Civil War sesquicentennial awareness efforts.
Local projects include an $18,000 renovation to a historical walkway in the Marietta Confederate Cemetery and the erection of a new Confederate monument at Allatoona Pass Battlefield near the borderline of Cobb and Bartow counties.
“A lot of the money comes from donations within our organization, but the big bulk of it comes from our specialty license tags,” said Smyrna resident Tim Pilgrim, state SCV adjutant.
A North Carolina native, Polk was a founder of the University of the South and served as an Episcopal bishop prior to the Civil War, earning him the nickname “The Fighting Bishop.” According to historians, he was on Pine Mountain with a group of Confederate officers, scouting Union positions, when he was fatally struck by a 3-inch shell on June 14, 1864.
The monument, which consists of a marble shaft, is said to be located in the same spot Polk was killed.
“According to Fred Bentley Sr., who owns the property, he was told by Mr. Guy Northcutt Sr. that Guy Northcutt Sr. was there when they dedicated the marker in 1902 and that an old Confederate veteran was sitting there under one of the trees and came over and told him that they got it exactly right, that ‘that is exactly where Gen. Polk fell because I was here when he was killed,’” O’Toole said.
While
the Polk monument is located on private property
it is nonetheless open to the public, according
to the Georgia Division of the Sons of Confederate
Veterans.
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Polk Monument, New Year's Eve, 2008
Final Day of Sewanee's Sesqui-Centennial Era (1856-1858 to 2006-2008);
Christmas Break, Closing Ceremonies, FSC of LPMS
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June 14, 2010:
Shrine Altar Preparatory Liturgical Ceremony for upcoming Consecration
of
The Leonidas Polk Memorial Society's First Sewanee Chapter
upon Cornerstone Memorial, Louisiana Circle, Sewanee;
scheduled for and completed on Sesqui-Centennial
Sunday,
October 10, 2010.
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Under
Construction
Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park invites the public to attend a special 45 minute walk and talk at 10 a.m. on Saturday. This program will focus on the 150th anniversary of the death of Confederate General Leonidas Polk. Program participants are asked to meet at the Chickamauga Battlefield Visitor Center, 3370 LaFayette Road. On the afternoon of June 14, 1864, an announcement was issued to the Confederate Army of Tennessee saying, “Comrades, you are called upon to mourn your first captain, your oldest companion in arms, Lieutenant General Polk. He
fell today at the outpost of the army….
His example is before you his mantle rests
upon you.” Leonidas Polk was known
as the “Bishop General,” having
exchanged his robes for the uniform of
a soldier at the first sign of hostility
in 1861. Although beloved by his troops,
he was noted for his shortcomings as a
battlefield commander and his divisive
scheming in army politics. Come learn about
the fascinating life and the gruesome death
of General Polk during this special program.
Comfortable footwear and water are recommended for this program. For
more information, contact the National Park Service,
Lookout Mountain Battlefield Visitor Center at (423)
821-7786, the Chickamauga Battlefield Visitor Center
at (423) 752-5213, or visit the park’s website
at www.nps.gov/chch. |
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Excerpts
from Abraham Cowley's
"Hymn: To Light," in WORKS,1668: A Crimson Garment in the Rose thou wear'st; A Crown of studded Gold thou bear'st, The Virgin Lillies in their White, Are clad but with the Lawn of almost Naked Light. --- To me the Sun is more delighful far, And all fair Dayes much fairer are. But few, ah wondrous few there be, Who do not Gold prefer, O Goddess, ev'n to Thee. --- But the vast Ocean of unbounded Day In th' Empyræan Heaven does stay. Thy Rivers, Lakes, and Springs below From thence took first their Rise, thither at last must Flow. _____
---  Villa Allbacini, North Macon, Georgia  Monument to the Women of the South, Downtown Macon, Georgia _____  Vatican Obelisk From: Della Trasportatione dell'Obelisco Vaticano et delle Fabriche di Nostro Signore Papa Sisto V fatte dal Cavallier Domenico Fontana Architetto di sua Santita Libro Primo Written by Domenico Fontana
Etcher: Illustrations etched by Natale Bonifacio (Italian, 1537–1592) Publisher: Published by Domenico Basa , Rome Patron:
Works commissioned by Pope Sixtus V (Felice
Peretti) (Italian, Grottamare
near Pescara 1520–1590 Rome)
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(Source: http://civilwartalk.com/threads/lt-general-leonidas-polk-csa.98608/;
4/26/2014)
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October 12, 2013:
Shortly subsequent Sesqui-Centennial Chickamauga
Reenactment and Celebration of
Generals Polk and Longstreet's
victory over Rosecrans and of duPont Library
altar icon revelation;
Shrine Altar Ceremony for Domainian Liturgical Advancement;
prepartory to sudden Parsifalian Revelation of the Great Seal
of Leonidas Polk's University of the South
in All Saint's Chapel,
Advent Semester.
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From
THE LAST CHRISTIAN IN ALABAMA, draft manuscript:
Just like we make the world safe for democracy
today by bombing defenseless women and children in other countries,
Lincoln restored us to the liberty of unity with his Northern
states by invading the South with the world's most powerfully
industrialized army.
Then his Federal army killed so many of us- enough of us, really-
that the rest of us remaining are now free to pledge allegiance
to the American flag and free to hear our own children recite
the required catechism of the ugly new National Faith: "Abraham
Lincoln was our greatest president." Our children are now
"free" to call their Rebel ancestors "traitors"
in Federally regulated public schools.
Stating the obvious in these terms will put you under supsicion
of "neo-Confederate bias," or worse. But what other
terms would be more accurate?
Even asking that question will be "deemed questionable,"
and quickly become "a cause for concern," and then become
"deeply troubling," and then it's off the races where
the next outrage outdoes the last. The ruse is obvious,
but you better not point it out in class at Sewanee. There are
limits to our so-called "full freedom of inquiry" up
here. The boundaries to these limits are marked by the word "sensitivity."
You know what I'm talking about. I know you heard what happened
when that preppy fraternity boy- the blonde one who was wearing
a bright bow-tie and whale shorts, who was maybe a little dutch-fortified
with gin- the one who underwent extensive re-training
and now does and says all the approved and required things-
the
one who "passionately embraces change" and overcomes
uncertainty "by stepping out of my comfort zone"-
the one who insists we must now "always say yes to
what's next"-
that one- the one who had said "check
your victim privilege"
to a certain group of uninvited visitors one night at the SAE
house.
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